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Surak; Father of the Vulcan philosophy, a man of peace and logic who helped lead his people out of a period of devastating wars, some two thousand years ago, when his people were ruled by violent passions. A replica of Surak was created by the Excalbians in 2269 as part of their attempt to study the human concept of "good" and "evil." "The Savage Curtain" (TOS) Surak led his people during what became known as the Time of Awakening; his philosophies of peace and logic helped prevent his people from being destroyed by the Stone of Gol in a terrible civil war. "Awakening" (ENT)

Surak was a Vulcan philosopher and pacifist who introduced logical thinking to the Vulcan people. A man of peace, and logic. He is considered the father of Vulcan philosophy and civilization. Around the 4th century CE, Surak helped end the destructive wars that plagued his world, and taught the Vulcan people to control their volatile emotions. This ushered in a new era, known as the Time of Awakening when peace and logic became the central tenants of Vulcan life. TOS: "The Savage Curtain", TNG: "Gambit, Part II"

Surak's writings were preserved in the Kir'Shara. "Awakening" 

Surak died from radiation sickness on Mount Seleya due to nuclear weapon fallout from the final battle between his followers and "those who marched beneath the raptor's wings."

Some fans speculate that this could be a reference to the ancestors of the Romulans. 

Surak's katra was later stored in a Katric Ark where it remained for centuries until 2137 when it was discovered by Syrran. Just before Syrran's death, he transferred the katra to a human, Jonathan Archer. The katra was later transferred to a Vulcan priest. (ENT: "The Forge", "Awakening")

It's unclear what became of the katra after this. 

Some Vulcans, called "V'tosh ka'tur" by Vulcan Elders, disagreed with the common interpretation of Surak's teachings. In approximately 2143, a group of "V'tosh ka'tur" left the planet Vulcan aboard the civilian transport ship Vahklas. An ornament resembling Surak performing the Vulcan salute with both hands was displayed aboard the Vulcan ship. "Fusion"

A replica of Surak was created from the thoughts of Spock in 2269 by the Excalbians to study the human concept of "good" and "evil." TOS: "The Savage Curtain"